Furman-Politicheskie-Vzgliady

0TB8TH iJHTaTeJIflM

nOJIHTHMECKHE B3rjIfl,HbI
EBPEHCKOB OEIItHHbl CIIIA

Ilpoviy paccKa3anvb o nojiumuuecnnx eswmdax m oo33pcHUPx axepu-
KancKux eopeeg. Ranoeo uvo no.iowceiiiie o o6uiccmee? EttK o«k omiwcnm-
ch k npo6jieMaM eoitHbi u Mupa, nan oiteunaaTom BHympeitHtoto u eueut-
Hioto nojiumuity npaeumeAbcmea GUI A, no.iOMceHue ua B.iumchcm Boc-
moite u aipeccueubie deucmeun tocydapcmea Hapau.ib?

JI. EEJIOrCOB
i. JleuuHipad

B CLLIA cePvac okoho 6 mjih. espeea,
npn6jiM3MTeiibHo 2,7% Bcero Hace/ieHMii.
noflaBrmromee 6onbUiKHCTBO mx (6o/iee
80%) — iiotomkk nepe6paBiiinxcs crofla b
KOHLte XIX — wawane XX b. BbixoAuea M3
n^epTbi oceA^iocTM» PoccMMCKofi MMnepnu.
Xotji cpeAH MMMnrpaHTOB BcTpeqanvicb n
n\opyi onpeAeneHHbix nonviTvmecKvix B3rnji-

flOB, B TOM MHCne M CWOHHCTbl, H COUMajlM-
CTbl (pa3HblX TO/IKOb), M BHapXMCTbl, B OC-
HOBHOM 3TO 6blJlM TeMHbie JlK>A M r He HMBB-

wwe b uapcKOM Poccmm bosmowhoctw y^acr-

BOBaTb B o6meCTBeHHOM XM3HM M He 06-

naAaBLUne cKOnbKO-Hn6yAb pa3BMTbiM nonn-
TMnecKMM c03HaHneM — oho CKJiaAbisanocb
y HMX W HX nOTOMKOB noaAHee. riOABBnsrci-
mee GonbLunHCTBo mx 6bino nyAaMCTaMM-
opTOAOKcaMk, nycTb He OMeHb rjiy6oKO
sepytoiuHMM, o MeM cBuflerenbCTByeT no-
cneAyfoiuMM 6bicTpbifi ynaAOK eBpeticKoPi
opTOAOKCMM b CoeAMneHHbix LLlTaTax.

B CUJA couMa/ibHoe jioxioweHMe, Ky/ib-
Typa m o6pa3 >km3hh eBpefiCKWX HMMVfrpaH-

TOB M3MeHMriMCb pB RVIKcMbHO. XoTS B MBCCe
CBOefi OHM 6brJ1M 6eflHflKaMK, He SHBBWHMkl

s3biKB M awepHKaHCKKX nop»AKOB m nep-
ROHaManbHO nonaBLUMMM b 04eHb Tnwejibie
yc/ioBMfl, ohm nposawjin 6onbiuyio cnoco6-

HOCTb K COLtVla/lbHOM Mo6vtTlbHOCTM (b 3TOM
C HMMM MOryT CpaBHMTbCS TO/lbKO aM6pM-

KaHCKvie KMTSMLibi w flnoHL(bi). CneuwiJJMHe-
ckm6 ijepTW KynbTypw eBpeficKMX o6mnH —
npMBbiMKa k MenKo6yp>Kya3HOK npeAnpMHu-
MaTe/ibcKOM AesiTertbHOCTk, xapaKTepHoe
A-n* MyAaM3Ma TjiroTeHwe k SHaHWRM, yqe-
hoctm, jierKO nepexoA*imee b nponecc ce-

KynjipM3aL;MM ot nowTeHMH k TanMyAy «
CTpeMneHMio k nay4HbiM 3HaHMHM. Coxpa-
HSinacb m Bbipa6oTaHHa« BexaMH mhctkhk-

TMBHafl Cn/lOMeHHOCTb yHMHtaeMOTO MSHb-

ujMHCTBa. J1k>am, Bnepabie ouu,yTMBUHe, ^ito
nepeA hmmm OTKpbtnucb pa3Hbie Aoporn,
BCSMecKM cTapariMCb floCMTbcs coi4Manbnoro
ycjiexa, n MHOrMM 3to yflasenocb.

MX M06kJlbHOCTb QJJia nO ABYW OCHOBHblV

KaHa/iaM — 6ypwya3HOro npeflnpuHMMaTe/ib-
cTBa m euj,e b 6ojibiueki cTeneHH qepes 06-
pa30BaHne k Kapbepe b MHTennnreHTHbi>
npocfieccuBX. B psfle npon3BeAeHHM aMepn-
kshckom fiMTepaiypbi mowho BCTpeTMTb onu-
caHke espekCKoii ceMtu, sKOHOfASiLnefi hb
BceM, MTo6w AaTb cbiHy o6pa30BaHne.

y>ne a 40-e roAbi espen cTaHOBSTcs b
uejiOM Han6onee o6ecneneHHOM n o6pa-

30BaHHOM M3 KpynHblX penMrM03HO-3THMMe-

ckmx rpynn CLLIA. Ilo AaHHbiM nccreAOBaHMfl
1945 — 1946 rr., no/woe cpeflHee n Bbictuce
o6pa30BaHne MMeuM 63,1% eBpeeB (cpeA^
HaceneHMJi b Lte/iOM 48,1 %)• •* 6n3HecMeHaw
m npeACTaBMTeflsiM cBo6oflHbix npocfjeccufi
npuHaAiewa/iM 36,1 % (19% cpeAM Bcero
Hace/ieHns) '. l"lo AaHHbiM 1970 r. r npvt 06-
u;eM pocTe b cTpaHe o6pa30BaHHOcTM 3to
pa3^n^ne ctbjio eme 6o/iee 3aMeTHbiM.
CpeAM eBpeeB-My«MMH 41,1 % 3aTpaTMjiw Ha
o6pa30BaHne 16 neT m 6oree, cpeAM Bcex
6e/ibix wy»wMH b cTpawe — 14,3%. flrs
weHiyMH cooTBeTCTByroiUMe AaHHbic — 24,2

• HerbergW. Protestant — Catholic —
Jew. Ad Essay in American Religious So-
ciology. N. Y., 1956, p. 241, 230.

120

h 8,5% z - H xotji b 70-e rCflbi ecpsM co-

CTBBJ1HI1M, KBK yMte CKa38HO, JlMUJb OKOHO

2,7% HacejieHHD ClilA, npw6jiM3MTenbHO
20% MWiiiMOHepoB npnxoflMJiocb hmchho Ha
3Ty rpynny.

EcieciBeHHO, qTo TaKoe ucouManbHoe
Bocxo>KfleHvie» crano bosmowhum nmub npw
3HasnTenbHoS aKKynbTypamiM — nepexofle
Ha aHrnMMCKMM S3bm m nocTeneHHOM 3a6Be-
hmm MflMina, ycBoeHMM aMepHKancKoro CTMJ1S
>km3mm, OTKase ot optoaokcmm. Cefiuac He
6onee 10% BMepuKaHCKHx eBpeeB — op-ro-
flOKCbi. BonbLUHHCTBo Bepyiom,MX npHHaflne-

>K3T K MOflepHMCTCKMM, HeOpTOftOKCajlbHblM

Te^eHHHM nyflan3Ma — tbk Ha3biBaeMb<M
peCf)opMM3My m KOHcepBaTH3My. (lpimeM
H3 Tpex ochobhux pennrM03Hb)x oSluhh
CUJA — rpoTecTaHTCKofi, KaionMMecKofi m
eBpeftcKOH eBpeM HaMMCHee penurno3Hbi.
Tan, b 1980 r. 3a Heflenio b cpeflHewi uep-
KOBb wih CMHarory nocemann 39% npoie-
CTaHTOB, 53% KatonuKOB m 25% eBpeeB;

COOTBCTCTBeHHO 8, 9 M 32% CK63aJlM, STO

periMrun nrpaeT b wx >km3hh cue o^eHb

BBIKHytO pOflb» 3 .

AHTKCeMMTK3M B CUJA 6bl/l OCo6eHHO

cuneH b 20 — 40-e roflbi, b nepnop, ochob-
Horo cOLiManbHoro noflieMa eBpencKO* 06-
lUHHbt, Bbi3biBaBiitero edecTBeHHbte onace-

HWJI H aaBKCTb KOHKypeHTOB. BnpoqeM, aH-
THCeMHTH3M H TOrfla He CMOr nOMfilUBTb

coLiharibHOM Mo6HiibHocTM eBpeeB. Cefi^ac
oh oTCTynnn, <4to noATBepwflee-rcji mhoi-ommc-
neHHbiMM onpocaMn h HccneflOBaHMSMK.
C yTsepjKfleHMeM, 4TO «y eBpeeB cjihujkom
MHoro BnacTM», b 1946 r. cornacMnncb
58%, a 1981 r.— 8% 4 ; «moi-jim 6 b i ronoco-
BaTb 3a KaHflHflaTa b npe3MfleHTbi — eBpenu
b 1937 r. 46%, b 1982 r.— 82% onpo-

LUCHHblX S .

TaKMM o6pa30M, b HacTosuj.ee BpeMS
eBpeM b CUJA npeftCTaBjiAtoT co6om periM-
rno3HO-3THMHecKylo rpynny, b ochobhom
«BnncaBUjyioc5i» b awepuKaHCKoe o6u^ecTBo,
nptmeM b ee coii.ua/ibHoM cocTaBe Goiibtiie,
weM y mhbix rpynn, npeflCTaeMTejien HHTen-
nMreHUKk m 6yp>Kya3HH. M mohho 6bino 6bt
npeflnonaraib, mo nojiMTwueaoie B3rnnflbi

2 Jewish Life in the United States: Per-
spectives from the Social Sciences. Ed. by
J. Gitter. N. Y., 1981, p. fc2.

3 Religion in America: 1981 Gallup Opi-
nion Index. Princeton (N. J.), 1981. p. 32,
40.

4 «U. S. News and World Reports,
13.VI 1.1981, p. 49.

5 The Gallup Poll Release, 16.IV.1981,

OMepHKdHCKMx eBpeeB He flon>KHbi otjih-
4aTbcn ot B3rnnfloB flpyrnx aMepMKaHueB
Toro >tte counanbHoro nonoHceHHn. EcTecr-

BeHHO BblJlO 6bl OKHABTb B MX MHpOBD3-

3peHnn 3HaMMTenbHoro KOMnoHeHTa couvianb-
Horo KOHcepBaTM3Ma, npn3Hannsi Mfleanb-

HblMM MM6HHO Tex nOpjlflKOB, npn KOTOpblX
OCymeCTBMJlCJl MX ItpblBOK BBepx», HTO

snoiiHe mdmbt coMeiaibcs c nn6epann3MOM
b ccfepe vcyjibTypbi m MopaJiH, xapaKTepHbiw.
Ann o6pa3oBaHHoM 4aCTh HaceneHns. Ha
cbmom flene 3TO He Tan. Coi4ManbHo-nojin-
TM^ecKne Barrsiflbi eBpeeB b CUJA BecbMa
CBoeo6pa3Hbi.

O6 oSlHeCTBCHHOW n03MU,KH aMepMKaH-

ckom eBpeiicKOPt oSmnHbi nenb3?i cyflHTb no
no3ki;MM OTflenbHbix ee npeflCTaBHTeneti.
EflMHCTeeHHUM MeTOfl, KOTopbiM noMoraeT
BbiHCHMTb no3Muimo 6onbUJoii rpynnbi f\v\u,, —
3T0 anaflM3 onpocos m flpyrHX flaHHbix, ro-
BopnmHx o msccobom C03HBHMM m nose-
fleHHM flaHHOM rpynnbi.

HaMHeM c ca/vioro nOEepxnocTHOro ypoB-

Hfl nOHHTMMeCKOrO MHpOB033peHHS C3MO-

MfleHTMcf>MKau,Mn onpaujHBaeMbix ksh nn6e-
penoB m KOHcepBaropoB. Ro o6o6menHbiM
ABHHbiM onpocoB 1972 — 1977 it., cpeflH
eBpeeB 52% onpeflentinM ce6s KaK nn6e-
paribi, 13% — K3K KOHcepBaropbi, cpeflH
6enbix xpncTMaH — cooTBeTCTaeHHo 25 m
33%, cpeflu MepHbix — 43 m 23%. TepMHH
<(nn6epanM3M» b CUJA oqeHb pacnnbiBMST
m oxBaTbiBaeT KaK no3HTMBHoe oTHOoieHne
k nepepacnpefleneHMK) floxoflOB s nonb3y
6eflHbrx npn noMOiUM rocyflapCTBeHHoro
BMeuiaTenbcTBa (b 3tom oTHOLueHHw noKa-
3BTenbHo, 4To y MepHbix npeBarinpyeT «^h-
6epajiM3M»), Tan m TepnMMocTb k KynbTyp-

HblM H HflefiHblM pa3HMMHilM, o6bl4HO CBfl-

saHHyic c o6pa30BaHMCM, MHTeyinvireHT-
HocTbio. Bonbujyto CK/ioHHoCTb eBpeeB
c«MT6Tb ce6a nn6epanaMn mokho 6bino 6bi

o6l,HCHHTb MX 6oilbUieM 06pa30BaHH0CTbK5.

OflHaHO 3To He ran. CpeflM m xpucinaH,
m eBpeeB, okohwmbqjmx KonneAWM, npouenT
nnSepanoB HecHonbKO Bbiiue, hgm cpeflu He
MMetomux Bbicuiero o6pa30BaHHn, ho paa-
nnHHR wej+tfly eBpenMH n flpyrHMH BbinycH-
HHKaMM Honnefl>KeM coxpaHnfOTcn, npHTOM
6onbUine. CoxpaHfltoTcs ohm m npn y4eie
eme oAHoro CpaKTopa — perMOHajibHoro:
ecjiM o6pa30BaHHux eBpeeB conociaBnib c
o6pa30BaHHbiMH xpHCTMaHaMH, npo>KMBato-
muMM b pernonax CeBepo-BocTOKa h Tm-
xooKeaHCKoro no6epe«tbn, rfle coepeflOTo-
HeHo 6oJibiuMHCTBo eBpeiicKoro HaceneHMs,

121

to cpeflM nepBbix — nnSepetios 61%, koh-
cepsaTopoB 7, cpeflM BTopbix — 37 m 35% e -

PaccMOTpuM Tenepb no3ML|MH espeMCKOH
o6tnMHbi no KOHKpeTHbiw conMajibHO-nonM-
tmm6ckmm Bonpocaw. B 1956 r. c yTBepw-
fleHHeM, mto «fleTM pa6o4nx mmckjt b CLLIA
xopoujMe uiaHCbi Ha npoflBuweHneu, corna-
cn/iMCb cpeflM npeflCTaBMTe/iefi «cpeflHero
K/iacca» 73% 6e/iwx npoTecTaHTOB, 61% na-
to/imkos h /iHUJb 59% eBpeeB 7 . Espew
«cpeflHero K/iacca» cor/iacHbi c btkm
yTsepwfleHneM flawe MeHbiue, new 6eribie
npoTecTaHTbi-paBoMMe (62%).

B 1964 r. c yTBepwfleHneM, ire «6efl-
HOCTb Maine BCero o6i>flCHsReTCn HeflocraT-

KOM yCMJIHH CaMMX 6eflHS)KOB», COrjiaCM/IMCb

36% Sexibix npoTecraHTOB, 30% KaTo/iHKOB,
19% eBpeeB w B% MepHbix; c TeM, hto
((6eflMocTb Maine ecero o6i>5RCh seres He 3a-

BMCSIHMMH OT MHflMBKfla 06CTO JlTejlbCTBa-

mm», — cooTBeTCTBeHHo 27, 34, 37 w 39% 8 .
3a rocyflapcTBeHHbie rapaHTMM npoTMB 6e3-
pa6oTMi;bi m HMLueTbt b 196S r. BbiCKa3axiMCb
55% espeeB, 23% 6enbix npoTecTaHTOB m
33% KaTO/iMHOB. HaKoneM, B 70-x roflax
npucoeflnHM/iMCb k yTBepjKfleHMro, MTO
i<HOMw,ynn3M — xyfluiaa i])opMa npaBneHMS»,
53% xpncTHaH h 40% espeeB.

Be3yc/ioaHO He cnyMawHO, hto eBpeu wr-
pa)or Hacro/ibKO 6onbiuyro po/ib b KoMMy-

HMCTMMeCKOM napTMM CLUA, 4TO 3Ta HeMHO-

rowMcneHHasi napTHS H3flaer fl/ia cbomx mie-
hob m coMyBCTsyroniMx cnei_i,naJibnyio ra3ery
n/Xmyum a(f>cf>epc» — 4acTMMHo Ha aHnnHM-

CKOM H3b(Ke, HaCTMMHO Ha MflHUI.

Bee onpocbi 06 oTHOineHUH k MepHbiM
m pacn3My noKa3bisatoT 66/ibixiyio CMiAnaTKio
espeee k 6opb6e HerpoB 3a pasHonpasMe.
Tan, no flaHHbiM 1956 r., cpeflM 6e/ibix ce-
BepnH 3a cerperaquro (pacosbie nepero-
Poakh) ctosjim 33% Kai"onMK08, 27% npo-
TecTaHTOB n 8% eBpeeB. 3th BpeweHa flasHo
npouj/iM, m paCM3M oTcrynM/i. Ho m b
70-e roflbi cpeflM jimm c bmcujmm o6pa30-
aaHMew, WMBymMX Ha Cesepo-BocTOKe m
Ha TMXooKeaHCKoM no6epewbe, CMMTa/iM,
hto MeflonycTMMbi 3aKOHbi, npensTCTsyroLUMe
6panaM nepHbix w 6e/ibix, 91 % xpncTHaH
vi 96% eBpees, hto flowos/iafle/ieu He
MMeer npasa 0TKa3biBaTbcst npoflarb flOM
M3-3a uBera kojkh noKynaTe-na, — 4B m 52%.

6 Jewish Life in the United States,
p. 154.

7 LenskiG. The Religious Factor. Gar-
den City, (Mich.), 1961, p. 93.

8 Hero A. American Religious Groups
View Foreign Policy. Trends in Rank-and-
File Opinion 1937-1969. Durham (N. R.),
1973, p. 467,

AHTupacMCTCKasi, «npoHerpHTflHCKas» no3M-
l|msi espeeB, coxpaHsromaflca b 80-e roflbi,

HeCMOTpw Ha npOWB/leHHe aHTMCMOHMCTCKMX

(m flawe aHTMceMMTCKMx) TeHfleHLtMM y nep-
Hbix, OTHernHBo npofiBn/iaCb Ha Bbi6opax
wepMbix M3poB aAAepHKaHCKHX ropoflOB. 3a
wepHoro KaHflMflaTa T. BaiuHHrroHa B Hanaro
ronocoeann 18% scex 6enux m 35% eBpeeB
(xots9 ero npOTMBHMKOM 6biJi eepen), a 03m-
naflenb(f)MM Ha nepBHMHbix Bbi6opax ^epHbin
KaHflHflaT y. Tyfl no/iyHM/i ro/ioca 23% scex
6enbix m 50% eBpeeB, b Jloc-AHflwe/iece
T. Bpaflnvi — cooTBeTCTBeHHo 42 m 75% 8 .
EBpeH noKa3biBaroT So/ibiuyto, hem xpn-
CTnaHe, TepnMMOCTb k aTeMCtaw m couMa-
/lMCTaM, B 1954 r. cpeflM nni4 c BbicujMM
o6pa30BaHMeM flonycKa/in ny6iiMMHoe bw-
CTyniieHMe aTeMCTa 91% eBpees m 60% 6e-
jibix xpMCTMaH, b 70-e roflbi — 92 h B3%;
ny6jiM4Hyro pe4b coMMa/iMCTa b 1954 r. —
97% espees h 80% 6enbix xpncTHaH,
b 70-e roflbi — 9B m B9%; flonycKajin xpa-

HeHMe COL\Ma/lMCTM4eCKMX KHMT b ny6/iMH-

hmx 6M6jinoTeKax s 1954 r. — 93% eBpeeB
n 74% xpMCTnaH, 8 70-e roflbi — 95 m 86% *°.

MHoroHMCneHHbie onpocbt noKa3biBa(OT m
66iibUjyK> TepnMMocTb ecpeticKOM o6iiiMHbi
b Mopa/ibHbix Bonpocax, coqyBCTSMe paBHO-
npaBura weHiMMH; b 70-e roflbi cpeflM hhu,
c BbiciiiMM o6pa30BaHneM, jMMBymMX Ha Ce-
sepo-BocTOKe h TvixooKeaHCKOM no6epewbe,
3a csoSofly a6opTos BbicKa3a/iMCb 97% eB-
pees vi 66% xpuCTMaH. B 1981 r. na3Hane-
Hue b BepxoBHbiii cyfl weHniMHbi, CaHflpbi
O'Kohhop, oflo6pnflM 93% eBpeee, 79%
KaTO/IHKOB m 78% npoTecTaHTOB 1J .

Mewfly no3nuMflMn no BHyTpnno/inTMMe-
ckmm h BMeaiHeno/iMTMMeCKMM Bonpocaw
Bcerfla ecTb cooTBeTCTBMe, cs«3b. ripowB-
ji»ercfi oHa m b flaHHOM en y Mae. Ec/im
a6cTparnpoBaTbcs) ot oco6om ccjaepbi apa-

6o-M3paMJlbCKOrO KOH^l/IMKTa, O KOTOpOM MbJ
CKSWeM HM«e, B OTHOlileHMM aMepMKaHCKHx

espees k BHeLUHeA no/iMTMKe oTneT/iMso
npoBBJiatoTCfl Te we TeHfleHqMM, hto m b
mx noflxofle k BHyrpnnonnTMMecKMM npo6-
rewiaM. B flByx M3BecTHbix Haw onpocax,
oTfla/ieHHbix flpyr ot flpyra 3HaHMTe/ibHbiM
BpeMeHHbiM npowencyTKOM, cpeflM eepees

BblDBM/IOCb 6o/lblile, MeM CpeflM XpHCTMBH,
npOTMBHMKOB M MCHbliJe CTOpOHHMKOB pOCTa

BoeHHbix paexoflos: b 1950 r. 3a pocT soeH-

* Stern S. Blacks and Jews Forging a
Renewed Alliance? — iVillage Voice»,
25.X. 1983, p. 8-36.

*• Jewish Life in the United States,
p. 168.

" <The Harris Survey*, 20.VII.1981,

122

CorjiaciiBiiiiiecfi c yTBep»cAeHHfl-

MH HJIH UTBeTHBCIlie

tRa»

yTBepmaeHHs

Ha

Bonpocbi, %

tosh

lipOTecTaHThl

\0eJiue)

KatOJIHKH

CBpeH

1943

Kor.ua koh^htch BOHHa, Poccim mo/Kho 6y-
fleT flOBepHTfc b nocJieBoeHHOM coTpyflmi-
necTBe

47

39

82

1948

CIHA xtojiWHbi 6bijh oojiee oecKOMnpoaiHc-

CHbl B OTUOIJjeHKHX c CCCP

63

65

43

1950

OcTaHOBHTb KOMMyHII3M — BaJKHefilliaH 3a-

flaia CIIIA

80

93

62

1960

3anajj Mo*KeT MiipHO JKHTb c pyccKiiwn

33

44

60

1964

C pyCCKHMJl MOJKHO florOBOpHTbCfl

54

61

67

1965

3anafl Mo?KeT HUiTb c pyccKHMH b Miipe

37

42

62

1974

C Kyooii cneflyeT ycTaHOBirrb no-iiibie fliin-

JIOMaiHHeCKHe OTHOIlieHHH

yrpo3oii fljiH GUIA Byflex, ecJiH ciaHyT kom-
MymicTii lecKHMM

59*

87

3anaRHaH Eepona

82*

62

HTajiiiH

6i*

40

HnoiiiiH

78*

53

JlamHCKaH AaiepHKa

80*

51

I960

CIIIA floji/KHM BoJiee jkbctko eecm ceCn
B GTHOmeHHH CCCP

54*

46

He couiacHbi c 3thm yTBepHytemieM

31 *

41

* no jlByM rpynnaM.

CocTaaaeHa no oiipocaw TajiJiana a Xappuca.

Hbix pacxofloB BbicKasariMCb 61 % npOTecraH-
tob, 72% KaroriMKOB m 56% eBpeeB,
b 70-e roflbi npOTMBHMKaMM pocra 6binn
56% eBpeeB m 29% 6enbix xpucTMaH.

ripn ecex BoeHHbix xoHtpnMKTax cpeflH
eBpeeB yAejibHhitf Bee nuu,, BbicKa3aBUjnxc«
3a mx Mnpnoe pa3peujeHne, 6ojibuje, mew e
Hace/ieHMM b ugjiom. B 1952 r. 3a BOH«y b
Kopee flo no6eflHoro HOHu,a ctoh/iw 39%
6e/ibix npoTecTaHTOB, 40% naTOJiHKOB m
25% eBpeee, 3a neperoBopbi no KopenCHO-
wy Bonpocy — cooTBeTCTBeHHo 28, 30 _m
54%. B 1961 r. oflo6pn/in BOOpyweHHoe
BMemaTenbCTBO CLUA b flena floMMHMKaH-
ckoh Pecny6jiMKM 51, 57 m 44%- B 1964 r.
3a ycMJTeHHe «BoeHHOro flaBjieHna CLLIA Ha
BbGTHaM» BbiCK33a/incb 23, 15 m 2%;
b 1965 r. np« Bbi6ope Mewfly 3CKaj]au,neiS
BoeHHbix flefiCTBMM m yxoflow M3 BbeTHawa
npeflnoHnu yxofl 32, 32 m 41%; b 1966 r.
CHMTa/iM ce6» «rojiy6aMM» 24, 26 m 39%,
««crpe6aMM)> — 48, 45 m 22%; b 1973 r. 3a
smhmctmio 6e>KaBLutiM or npn3bma B apMHK)
bo BpeMR bomhu bo BheTHaMe — 34, 51
" 61 %.

Bo BHyTpnnojiMTnnecKOMi c(|>epe espeu
CK/iOHHbi nponBiisiTb cuMnaTMH k Mflee ne-
pepacnpeflejieHwa aoxoaob e no/ib3y 6efl-
hsihob npn noMOiUM rocyflapcTBeHHoro

BMetuarenbCTBa. Hewto noflo6HOe cna3bi-
Baercn n Ha OTHoLueHMn k BHeuJHenonnTM-
•jecKofi ccjjepe, rfle ohm cMMnaTM3MpyK)T

SHOHOMMHeCHOW TOMOIUM C/ld6opa3BHTblM

CTpaHaM (ran CKa3arb, 6eAHflKa*t B Mew-
AY H apoflHOM wacaiTa6e). B 1956 r. noxi-
HocTbK) corjidcumicb c teM, 4to CLUA
floxiwHbi nOMoraib 6eflHbiM cTpaMaM, flame
ecBM ohm He cworyT BepnyTb flonrii (no
reM me o6u4MHaM), 21, 21 m 30%, b 1957 r.
3a noMoiHb CTpaHaM tmhs Mhamm, He cok>3-
hwm CLUA,— 38, 43 m 69%, b 1961 r. cwm-
TaxtM, WTO CLUA fleraHDT He/jociaTOWHO ,q/isi
noMOLun cna6opa3B«TbiM crpanaM, 13, 16

M 42%, B 1963 I". 3a nOMOLUb MHOCTpSHHblM

rocyflapCTBaM 6 bum 57, 61 n 70%.

B MHorowMcreHHbix onpocax pa3iMWHbix
jibt CMcreMaTMuecKM nposiBjinjiacb reHfleH-
UM9 aMepMKaHCKoS eBpeucKou oBlMMHbl K
6onee flpy>ue/iio6HOM no3nu,nM, neu «cpefl-
HeaMepHHaHCHasiB. no otholuchhk) k CCCP

M COMMa/lMCTMWeCKMM CTpaHaM. flaHHblX Ha

3tot ewer MHoro, HeKOTopbie M3 hmx HaMti
o6o6u4eHbi {cm. Ta6nnuy). (3to He mckjikj-
laei aporo amncoBeTM3Ma OTfleribHbix
npeflCTaBMreJieiS eBpeftcKoft oSiUMHbi CLUA,
TaKMx, nan nexoTopbie BbicoKonocraB/ieH-

Hble COTpyflHMKH nepBOM aflMMHHCTpaU,HM

PefiraHa, Hanpuwep P. nawnc mhm P. flep/i.)

.123

Do npuBeAeHMbiM b Ta&Jiuue flaHHbi/w
mowho cpaBHMTb BSmflflbi nniiib npoTecTaH-
tob, KaTonMKoB m eBpeeB b LienoM. Ho
MOHCHO npMBeCTM m pesyfibraTbi onpocoB,
ymiTbiBaKDmux cpaKTopbi o6pa3oBaHMfl, bos-
pacTa m pernoHa nponcMBaHMn. TaK, cpeflu
npenoflaBaTeren ariMTapHbix Konneflweii b
B03pacTe flo 29 neT b KOHije 60-x rofloB
npoTMB BoflHbi bo BbeTHaMe 6biriM 28%
npoTecTaHTOB, 30% KaTorHKOB m 43% eB-
peeB, cpeflM npenoflaBaTereS HeajinTaptHbix
KonneAweM — 20, 20 m 39% 12 . kl3 iimi; c
BbicujHM o6pa30BaHneM, wnBymMX Ha Ce-
Bepo-8ocTone h TnxooneaHCKOM no6epe>Kbe,
b 70-e roflbi CHMTa/iM, hto CLLIA Tpai-fiT
chmlukom MHoro Ha o6opoHy, 67% eBpeeB
n 53% xpucTHaH.

3tm utotm onpocoB HaxoflflT KOCBeHHoe
noflTBepj+cfleHne b flaHHbix aneKToparibHoro
noBeAennH. EBpen b noflaBrintOLneM 6onb-
ujMHCTBe ronocytOT 3a KanflnflaTOB fleMo-
KpaTHHecKofi napTMM. 8 I960 r. Ha npe3M-
fleHTCKMX Bbi6opax ronoca npMBepweHueB
Tpex ocHOBHbix aMepuKaHCKMX pe/inrufi
pacnpeflennrncb Mewfly KaHAMflaTaMn cne-
flytoiMkM o6pa30M: 3a P. PefiraHa — 63%
6enbix npoTecTaHTOB, 49% KaTonMKOB m
39% eBpeeB, 3a flw. KapTepa — cootbct-
CTBeHHo 31, 42 n 45%, 3a He3aBMCMMoro
KaHAHAaTa flw. AHAepcoHa — 6, 7, 15%.
B 1984 r. 3a P. Pefirana — 73% 6eribix npo-
TecTaHTOB, 55% kaTO/iMKOB, 32% eBpeeB,
3a y. MoHAefijia — 26, 44 m 66%. EBpen m
Herpbi — eflHHCTBeHHbie aTHMHecKMe rpyn-
nbi, nporofiocoBaBLUMe b 1984 r. 3a PefiraHa
a MeHbtueM nnc/ie, wew b 1980 r. KapTHHa
Jiw6epanbHbix, «jieBbix» TeHfleHuufi b noriM-
TMnecKoM cosHaHMH aMepuKaHCKMx eBpeeB,
TaKMM o6pa30M, nonynaeTCH neTKan,

OflHaKo Heo6xoAMMo noA^epKHyTb m
Apyryio sa>KHeMUjyio cTopoHy MnpOB033pe-
HHfl awepuKaHCKHx eBpeeB, pe3KO npoTM-
BopeNMByto /in6epaJibHbiM yoraHOBxaM, — mx
3THoueHTpK3M, cviiibHoe crpeMneHMe k ca-
MocoxpaHeHHio nan oco6ofi o6iuhoctm,
nerKO nepexoflHinee b HauMoHaiiM3M.

8 M33eCTHOM MCCreflOBaHMM pernrM03Hbix
o6luhh T. JleHCKM (1956 r.), Ha KOTopoe wbi
ywe ccbma/iMCb, BbiHBunacb SHannTe/ibHas
3aMKHyTocTb eBpeeB, mx HeTepnMMocTb Ha

SblTOBOM ypOBHe, B nOBCejQHeBHOM WM3HH.

Ilo flaHHbiM r. JleHCKM, y 96% eBpeeB oce
6riM>KaMUjMe poflCTseHHMKM m y 77% Bee
6fiM>HaHUjHe flpysbs — eBpen (y Me nee

12 Greeley A. The Religious Factor
and Academic Careers.— «American Jour-
nal of Sociology)), 1973, vol. 78, X° 5, p. 1250.

KyfibTypHbix b cpeflHeM h 6onee mhotommc-

JieHHblX KaTOflHKOB COOTBeTCTBytOLUMe UKCp-

pbi — 79 m 44%). ripn Bcefi mx oTHocuTerib-
ho cna6oM penMrno3HocTn 96% eBpeeB
CKa3ann, mto mx poflCTBeHHMKM 6binw 6bi
HeAoBonbHbi mx nepexoflOM b flpyryto eepy
(fl/in cpaBHeHKn: to we CKa3ariM 87% Ka-
TonnnoB m 75% 6e/ibix nporecTaHTOB).

Co3flaeTC5i BnenaTneHMe, hto y eBpeficKon
o6LUHHbi b CLUA ecTb Kan 6bi flBe He cen-
saHHbie flpyr c flpyroM CHCTeMbi npHHun-
noB. OflHa — 3 to npMHi^Mnbi, HoTopbie pac-
upocTpaHfliOTcs Ha o6iuecTBO b uenoM,
Apyran — npMHUnnbi, KOTopbiMM pyKOBOflCT-
ByioTcn no OTHOLueHHfO k ce6e csmmm m k
CBoePi penMrM03HO-3THMMecKOH rpynne. Ta-
koh «abohhoh cTanflaprj) nponerseTCfl 6y«-
BanbHo bo BCeM.

KpMTMnecKoe oTHoujeHMe k o6mecTBy
CBo6oflHoro npeflnpMHKMaTerbCTBa coMe-
TaeTcn c npMHHTMeM ero HopM m opMeHTa-
UMeM Ha ycnex b stom o6m,ecTBe. OnnTb-
TaKu no flaHHbiM T. JleHCKn, Ha Bonpoc,
fleraeTe am bh c6epe>«eHMn, oTBeTMnn «Aa»
96% eBpeeB, 85% KaToriMKOB n 83% 6e/ibix
npoTecTaHTOB. M aTa opueHTauMfl Ha rnMHbifi
ycnex b KannTariMCTHMecKOM o6mecTBe ectb
b to we BpeMW b SHaHMTe/ibHofi Mepe
opneHTauMH Ha ycnex o6u;MHbi b uenoM.

OneHb npHNyfljiMBo ynoMSHyTbie ABOMHbie
CTaHAapTbi npoflBrniOTcn b oTHoiiieHnn k mo-
pa/ibHbiM Bonpocaw. B xofle nccneflOBaHMfl
r. JleHCKM 6bifiM saflaHbi Bonpocbi: «Cmk-
TaeTe hm Bbi passofl 6e3ycnoBHbiM 3jiom?»
m «Pa3BefleHbi nn Bbi?» KapTMHa norynM-
nacb nio6onbiTHan. «Be3ycnoBHbiM 3jiom»
pa3BOA CMMTariH 11% eBpeeB, 66% k3to-
fiMKOB, 34% 6erbix npoTecTaHTOB m 38%
nepHbix. Ho Ha flere pa3Be,qeHHbiMn okb-
safiMCb 4% eBpeeB, 8% KaTO/iMKOB, 16%
6ejibix npoTecTaHTOB m 22% nepHbix. Ts-
kmm o6pa30M, xoTn eBpen m BbichcasboariMCb

npOTMB TpaAMLJMOHHOH MOpariM, CpaKTMHeCKM

ohm co6nfOfla/in ee, npMAepMMeancb Tpa-
AMUMOHHblX MoparibHbix npMHLlMnOB, HTO
BnonHe cooTBeTCTByeT opMeHTauMJiM Ha
cnnomeHHOCTb h o6oco6neHHocTb o6uj,MHbi
m Ha coquarbHbiM ycnex. (ilpsiMafi npOTM-
BonoiioiKHOCTb aTOMy noBefleHMe nepHbix,
KOTopbie nocrynMpyiOT 6oree CTporyio mo-
pa/ib, ho Ha fle/ie caMH efi He c/teflyjOT.)
Ho, HaBepHoe, Han6oree netKO «abom-

HOM CTaHflapTJ> B MnpOB033peHHM aMepMKaH-

ckmx eBpeeB CKa3biBaeTcn b mx OTHomeHMM
k CMOHM3My m rocyAapcTBy kl3paM/ib. Cmo-
hm3m oflepwa/i Bepx b espewcKOM o6u;nHe
b 40-e roflbi. EcfiM b 1944 r., f\o o6pa30Ba-

HMH M3paMJ1fl «3a CMOHM3M M C03flaHMe

124

espeffCKoro rocyflopctia» ■ CUJA BbiexBSbi-
Ba/incb 69% eBpeeB, a npOTMB — 7%, to bo
BpeMs nepBOM apa6o-M3pan/ibCKOM BOiiHbi
b 1948 r. 92% eBpeeB ctosjim 3a Hspamib
m noMTM hhkto 3a apa6oB. Korfla co3flaHne
rocyflapcTBa M3psMJib 6bino TonbKO b
npoeKTe, y yroro npoeKTa 6binn npoTMB-
hmkm, Korfla me oh CTan pea/ibHOCTbro,

npOTMBHHKM HCHe3JlM.

TflySOKO yKOpeHeHHblM 3THOLjeHTpM3M

BCTynnn b curly, u Bcenerio Bonapmicn
«flBO«HOH CTaHflapT»: ko BCeMy MHpy CTaflM
npnnaraTbCfl oahh KpuTepuM, k tfopaKMO —
flpyrne. HanMOHannsM — rmoxo, ho cmo-

HM3M — ■ XOpOlUO, 3TO, C TONKH 3peHH$l

6oribLLinHCTBa eBpeeB CUJA, BOo6me He hb-
LiMOHann3M, a, no cnoBaM n3BecTHOro
npeflCTaBMTenfl aMepuKaHCKOro cnonn3Me
A. CuribBepa, «HopMaribHbiM, ecrecTBeHHbiM
mhctmhkt 6e3flOMHOro Hapofla o6pecTn CBOM
flOM nocne CTOrieTMM 6e3flOMHoro cymecT-
BOBaHMSiJ> 13 . ArpeccMfl — nnoxo, ho h3-
panxibCKaa arpeccufl — bo 06 me He arpec-
chji, a o6opoHa. HaunoHajibHO-ocBo6oflM-
Te/ibHbiM flBuweHMSM cneflyeT COMyBCTBO-
BaTb, ho flBnnteHiie naxiecTuHueB — He oc-
Bo6oflMTexibHoe flBH?KeHne, a TeppopuSM.
Mto 6w hm flenaJi M3pamib, oh ocraeTcs
Ann 6cnibLUnHCTBa aMepnuaHCKHX eBpeeB
ManeHbKMM fleMOKpaTnHecKnM rocyflapcr-
bom, OKpyiweHHbiM cTpeMjiLUMMMCfl ero no-
rnoTHTb rdraHTaMH. Jlro6as KpwTHKa no ero
aflpecy MCTOJWOBbiBaeTCj) Kan npoflBneHne

CKpblTOTO aHTHCeMnTM3Ma. M TOflbKO b ca-

MOe nocneflHee BpeMa a eBpeficKOk cpefle
b CLUA noflBJiaiOTCs npn3HaKM 60/iee Kpvi-
TwjecKoro OTHOaieHMfl k M3paMnfo.

AMepHKaHCKMe cpeflCTBa MaccoBOM hh-

C{)OpMai4HM, B KOTOpblX JlMl^a eBpeMCKOM

HanHOHa/ibHocTM Hrparor oMeHb 6ojibiuyio
pojib, Kan m npasMTejibCTBeHHbie BeflOMCT-
Ba, TpyflHO ynpeKHyTb b aHTMH3pamibCKMx
HacTpoeHMSx. CpeflHMii aMepMKaneLi, tbkhm
o6pasoM, nepnaeT HHCpopMaMHio H3 npo-

H3paHI1bCKHX HCT04HMKOB, H HeXlb3Jt CK3-

3aTb, HTo6bi ero oTHOLueHHe k IfspaMiio
6b trio b kbkom-to Mepe Heflpyncemo6HbiM.
TeM He Me nee pa3T)HMHJt b oueHKe fleficr-
bum 3Toro rocyflapcTBa eBpeAMM m ocTarib-

HbIMM BMepMHaHL|aMH npOJ)BJlflK3TCJt OMeHb

CH/ibHo. TaK, b 1953 r. CHMTanw, ito b apa-

6o-H3paMJ1bCKOM KOHtJjflMKTO 6oj1bUje BMHO-

BaTbi apa6bi, 9% 6e/ibix npoTecraHTos,
9% KaTOJiMKOB m 67% eBpees. B 1957 r.
CMHTanH, ito b boh He M3pannfl c ErnnTOM

13 The Zionist Idea. Ed. by A. Herberg.
N. Y, 1962, p. 596.

bmhobbt ErnneT, 3B% KeTormKoa, 4T% npo-
TeCTaHTOB h 83% eBpeeB, mto bmhobat Ha-
pan/ib — cooTBeTCTBeHHo 15, 11 h 2% 14 .
6 QeBpane 1979 r. 3a TynMK b «3paM/ibCKO-
ernneTCKnx neperoBopax bmhvmim M3paMrib
10% eBpeeB n 37% aMepHKOHCKOro Hoce-
neHKS b nenoM, ErnneT — 77% espeea m
30% Bcero Hace/ieHMs ls , b 1982 r. cHuTa/TM,
mto M3panrib He BHHoaeH b pe3He b Ca6pe
v\ UJaTM/ie, 8% Bcero HaceneHMH h 28%
eBpeeB. B 1988 r. 3a npenpameHMe noMomH
H3panmo M3-sa ero fleHCTBMM npoTHB na-
necTMHueB — 10% eBpeeB h 45% Heee-
pees 1B . 3tot napeMeHb onpocos mowho
npoflonwMTb, pesyjibTaibi ocTaHyTcs Hen3-

MeHHblMH.

OTKyfla TaKHe oco6eHHOCTk MMpOB033pe-
hmji — coneTaHne curibHbix JiH6epaxibHbix
TeHfleHUMM n He MeHee cunbHbix aTHOLieHT-

pH4eCKMX H HanMOHaJlMCTKMeCKHX?

ripe>«fle Bcero, BBnsacb pennrn03HO-3THM-
wecKMM MeHbixiHHCTBOM, eBpeiicKaD o6u4MHa,
KaK m see MeHbixiMHCTBa, coxpaHseT onace-
Hkifl OTHOCMTe/ibHO neTepnuMOCTH m npecne-

flOBaHMH CO CTOpOHbl 6ojlbLUMHCTBa, 4 TO BO

mhotom o6bncHsieT mi6epaiibHbie reHfleH-

UHH B MHpOB033peHMH. 3THOMeHTpM3M TaK-
We CBOMCTBCH He TOJlbKO 3T0M o6mMHe, OH

npHcyin, rpeKaM, apMSHaw, KHTant^aM n flpy-

rMM MeHblilMHCTBaM B CLU A.

Ho cnenMrJJHKa nojinTk«ecKMX B3rnnAOB
aMepuKaHCKMx eBpeeB b 3Ha4nTenbHOH
Mepe, o^eBHflHO, o6tacHaeTCR n oco6eHHO-
ctamu nyflan3Ma Kan pe/inrnM. ComacHO
florMaTaw nyflaM3Ma, mcthhom oSnaflaeT
riMoib oflMH napofl, M36paHHbifi 6oroM. 3Ta
Mflest npnBMBa/iacb aeKSMn cosHaHMK) mho-
thx noKoneHHvi h b KaKofi-To Mepe nepe-
liina Ha nony6ecco3HaTeribHbiM ypOBeHb.
OHa coxpanneTCsi p,eme b coSHaHnn yme
HeBepyioiUHX (htih ncnyBepyromnx), KaK b
co3HaHnn ywe HeBepyromero KnTafiMa co-

XpaHSKSTCfl OCT3TKH KOHC^yqiiaHCTBa, MHflMM-

14a — ; MHflyH3M.a htih KaK «cpeflHnfi» 6erib!M
awepHKaHeM coxpaHJteT MHflMBnflyariM3M m
TpyfloByKs 3TMKy cbohx nypnTaHCKnx npefl-

KOB. CoBpeMeHHblH eBpeMCKHM 3-THOUeHT-

PM3M B CLUA 3TO BO MHOTOM «OCTaTOK»

MyflaMCTCKOM MfleM H36paHHOCTH, CTaBlilefi

6ecco3H6TeribHOM ycTaHOBKOn, 3acTaBTisK3-
mefi BnoJiHe Jin6epanbHOro nenoBeKa npn-
xoflMTb b y/xac ot nepcneKTMBbi 6pana ero
flonepn c HeeepeeM hxih >«e uhhctmhkthb-
ho» noflflepwHBaTb nio6bie fleficTBHS rocy-
flapciBa M3paHJib. PasHbiM o6pa30M JinBe-

" H e r o A. Op. cit., p. 360, 362.
15 «The Harris Surveys, 11.1.1979.
18 «Time», 8.II.1988, p. 40.

us

paJibHbie, h flawe «coi4nanKCTHMecKMe»

yCTaHOBKM BO MHOrOM «OCTaTKM» 6blJ10H

Bepbi b 6yAyiAee BceMMpnoe uapcTBO npa-
BeflHOCTM, rfie rea BoajisiweT pa^oM c

«rneHKOM,

Ho ecru 3to TaK, ec/iH b MaccoBOM no-

JlKTMqeCKOM C03H3HHM oSllJMHbl CKa3blBaK)T-

cfl «ocTaTKM» Myflan3Ma, TaK CKasaib, ero
HHepMwn, 3HaMMT, no Mepe ceKyjispM3aLiMM

V aCCMMMJlflLtHH 3TH OCo6eHHOCTM WaCCOBO"
PO C03HaHHfl fiOJl>KHbt MCH63aTb. M B CaMOM

flene, npoi^ecc mact, xoth m onenb m$a-
neHHO. CneuM(()vmecKMii pe/iMrM03no-3THn-
wecKMM tJjaKTOp nocieneHHo cna6eeT, no3h-

HMM BBpefiCKOM 06lJ4hHbl h OCTaJIbHCrO Ha-

ceneHnsi b paMxax OTACnbHbix coMHanbHbix
KaTeropMh c6nnwaK)TCH. flpMWCM b stom
npoL(eccc mowho BbifiertMTb Tpn oifiejibHbie
cocTaBiinioLuvic.

Bo-nepsbix, no pflfly sonpocoB pa3/)Mwne
s no3nunnx yMeHbujacrcs, nocKOJibKy jik-
6eparbHbie B3rnflfibi bo MHOriix ccjsepax
nocTenenHo cTaHOBATCn o6uj,eaMepuKaHCKn-

MW. 3TO Ctpepbl OTHOWCHMfl K paCOBbIM,
pennrn03HblM M HflGO/lOrvmeCKHM MGHb-

LUMHCTBaM, k npaBaM wchihuh, k roc yfl a P _
cTBeHHOMy BMcmaTenbCTBy b Mopa/ibHyro
ctpepy. ripouecc c6jiMweHMsi no3HL\wii b

3THX BOnpOCaX HBCTBeHHO BMfiGH B AaHHblX

06 OTHOiueHMk k aTencTaM m counaxinCTaM,
npMBGfieHHbix b Hawane crai-bM.

Bo-BTOpblX, npOMCXOfiMT M c6/lM>KCHMC 38

c46t «nonpaBeHHfl>i eepewcKOk o6mnHbi b
BOnpocax coL\wanbHO-3KOHOMvmecKnx. P,bh-
hux onpocoB, KOTopwe nofiTBepwfiaJiM 6bi

3Ty TeHfiGHUMK), He TaK MHOTO, M OHM

cnopnbi 1J . OfiHaKO cabmt BnpaBO, xoth h
MeflfieHHbiM, Ha Ham bst/isia, Bee «<e craHo-

BMTCH O^CBHfiCH, eCHW BCnOMHHTb O TpaflM-

14HM eBpeSCKoro neBOro pafiHKa/in3Ma b
fiOBoeHHbiii nepnofi, cefiwac cJjamMMecKM
3arnoxujCM. 3aM6THO nafiaeT nponem- eBpeeB,
MfleHThc()m4MpyiomMX ce6n c fieMOKpaTune-
ckom napTMew, pacTeT cpeflM hmx npoyeHT
HG3aBHcnMbix m b KaKOM-To Mepe pecny6-
/iMKaHneB. B 1976 r. 3a flm. KapTepa npo-
ro/iocoBariM 65% CBpees, 3a fl«<. CDopfia —
35%. Ha Bbi6opax 1980 r. P. PeRraH nony-
whji 39% ro/iocoB eBpeeB, flw. KapTep —
45%, Am. AHAepcoH — 15%. M Bee we 39%
rojiocoB, OT/iaHHbix 3a PefiraHa, cobcgm hb
Mano. Xotb na Bbi6opax 1984 r. eBpew o«a-
3a/iH Pefirany MeHbiuyio nOflfiepwKy, weM
npewfie, 3to MOwet oKa3aTbcs BpeMeHHbiM

" Nie W., Verba S., Petrocik .1. The
Changing American Voter. Cambridge
(Mass.), 1976, p. 258.

otxoaom ot o6meM TeHfleHUMM k nonpa-
eeHHio, CBDsaHHbiM c peaKLiHeti Ha oco6o
spKufi KOHcepeaTM3M PefiraHa.

HaKOHeu, TpeTbe HanpaBneHne, no ko-
TopOMy pa3BHBaeTcsi ynoMflHyibifi npoMecc
b eBpeficKofi o6luhhc, — ocna6jieHne stho-
i4CHTpM3Ma. Han6oJiee mgtko a to CKasbi-
BaeTCfi b CTaTMCTuKe CMemaHHbix 6paKOB,
OTpawaroinefi caMbifl rfiy6oKMM, ncnxojiorn-

4CCKMM, 6blTOBOft ypOBeHb 3THMM6CKMX Ha-

CTpoeHnfi. 3aMKHyTOCTb GBpeiiCKoii o6ihmhw
flepwanacb 04et-tb fiO/iro, ho accHMMiitiLiMn
cM/ibHee scex co3HaTeribHbix n 6ecco3Ha-
TenbHbix nperpaAi KOTopbie cosfiaBa/iMCb Ha
ee ny™. Cor/iacHO nccnefiOBaHMfo 1973 r.,
b CMetuaHHbix 6paKax Haxofinrocb 9,2%
Bcex cocTOsinMx b 6paKe eBpeeB n CBpeeK.
CpeflM BCTynMBUJMX b 6paK b 1900 —
1920 rr.— 2%, b 1940—1960 rr.— 6%.
b 1960—1965 rr.— 17%, 1965—1970 rr.—
32% IS . KpenKMe eBpeftcKne ceMbM, opmch-
THpoBBHHbie Ha couuajibHbiH yenex ci\epym-
u;ero noKoneHMJi, KaK ohm npeAcraioT ne-

pefi HaMH B MCCJIGfiOBaHHM T. JleHCKM, BO

MHoroM b npomnoM. PadeT qweno paseo-
fioB, powflaeMOCTb ynana fio TaKOro ypOBHs,
Korfia WMCfieHHocTb o6mMHbi nawMHaeT
yMeHbLuaTbca, ace 60/iee 3aMCTnofi cTaHo-
BwTcsi coBepiiieHHO He xapaKTepHan paHee
cfinrypa MOJiofioro CBpen, 6pocMBiuero
uiKOJiy mjim KO/inefi>K m yujefiLyero b mmp

«KOHTpKy/lbTypbl» C HapKOTHKaMM, BOCTOM-
HblMM KyilbTaMM, <CCBo6oflHOH J)K}60BbK3».

Bee 3to — pasHbie acneKTbi accnMnnsL(MOH-
Hbix npoMeccOB, ocfia6neHMn hmcto «mh-

CTMHKTMBHOMIJ CH/IOMCHHOCTM M o6oCo6fieH-
HOCTM, C03£aBaSLL>eM DCMXOJlOrMqeCKylO oc-
HOBy fiJlfl pa3HblX HfiGfiHblX nposiBneHMH

3THOMeHTpM3Ma m npewfie scero CMOHviaMa.
OfiHOBpeMGHHO Bee omeTJiMBee Ha6jiio-

fiaeTCH BOSHMKHOBEHne Ky/lbTypHblX H nCM-

xonorMwecKMX neperopoAOK Me>Kfly eBpes-
mm CLLtA m CBpeflMH kl3paMJifl. Kor^a b
nasa/ie XX b. M3 Boctomhom EBponbi ycTpe-
MM/iMCb fiBa nOTOKa eBpeficKofi SMMrpa-
14MM — 6onbuiOM b CLLtA m ManeHbKMM b
CMOHMCTCKne nocencHns b fla/iecTMHe, 3to
6birtM niofiM OflHOM Ky/ibTypbi, a nopoM M
6paTbfl, m He b MeTat()OpMqecKOM, a b ca-
mom npsiMOM cMbicne cnOBa. Ho npoxofiMJiw
rofibi, cMeHA/iMCb nOKOneHM*. AA^epMKaHCKMe
eepen bolujim b aMepuKaHCKyra Haumo,
a b M3panjie KOHCo/iMflnpyeTcfl fipyras Ha-
Mun, roBopsiinafl Ha vihom ssbiKe, WMBymaa

B MHblX yCJIOBHflX, c03flaK5LUafl HHyiO KyJIb-

18 Jewish Life in the United States,
p. 54.

126

rypy. Bee 6onee 3aMeTMyio pojib s hgB Mr-
patCT HMMHrpaHTU M3 apaScnetx crpaH,
KynbTypwo o^eHb flaneKMe ot eBpeeB CLUA.
Bot flaHHbie o CMeniaHHbix 6paKaJi b Hspan-
iie Mewfly eBponeuCKMMM eBpexMM h ea-
pes.MM n3 apa6cKHX GTpaH: b 1955 r. —
11,8% Bcex 6pa K OB, b 1960—14,5%, b 1970—
17%, b 1974— 19,1% 19 . Ecn* conocraBMTb
3tm flaHHbie h CBefleHwfl o 6paKax eBpeeB
m HeeBpeeB b CLUA, CTaHOBMTCfl ouesnAHbiM
npoqecc oTfla/ieHnst flpyr ot flpyra fiByx
eBpefiCKMX o6luhh.

PacxowfleHwe HeM36e>HHo npMBoflMT k
pocTy B3aHWHoro HenoHMMaHMji m koh£}"ihk-
tob. riopstflKM M3penns, Becb CTpofi ero
WM3HH, BHeiuKss nonMTMKa Bee 6onbLue
Bbi3biBatoT neflOBOJibCTBO aMepHKSHCKMX eB-
peeB. 3tot npoqecc onwcaH e KHKre «Pe-
nnrmi m nonnTMKa b CLUA b 70-e — Ha^ane
80-x rofloa» 20 . ripoqecc ycMfleHMfl kpmtm-
viecKoro oTHoaieHMfi k kl3pannio npocnoKM-
eaeTcn flawe b Tex flaHHbix onpocos, ko-
Topbie npMBOflUJincb Bbiiue. PasnvtMHs b no-
3mi4mm eBpeeB h ocTaJibuoro HaceneHHft
CLUA b oTHooieHMM H3pan.nH b 50-e roAbi,
6e3yc/ioBHO, 6onbuine, Mew b 80-e rofibi.
EJ 1982 r. 6bin npoaefleH onpoc eopeea m
oTfienbHO jiMflepoB eBpeucKHx opraHM3aqnvi,

BblflBMBUJMM 3Ha>HMTej1bHyK> CTeneHb KpuTM-
MeCKOrO OTHOUieHUB k M3pamiK> (nK)6onbiT-
ho, mto y JiMflepoB — fla>Ke 6ojibUiyK>, mbm
b Macce eBpePiCKOro HaeeneHHn). TaK,
c yTBep>KfleHneM, >jto npOflonweHwe oKKy-
naqnn M3panrieM 3anafiHoro 6epera
p. HopflaH npHBefler k copo3nn /jeMOKpa™-
'lecKOro xapaKTepa H3pannbcnoro o6mecT-
Ba», cornacMnwcb 28% ecex eBpeeB n 74%
mx /iMflepOB, c yTBepwfleHMeM, mto «b no-
cneflHwe roflbj npnsep>HeHHOCTb kl3paunn
fleMOKpaTMHecKHM qeHHOcTstws nofiBepr/iacb
3po3WM», — 25 m 22%, c npn3HaHneM: «a uarro
6bmaio o6ecnOKoen nOnninKoii coBpeMeH-
Horo M3pannbtKoro npaBMienbCTBa» — 48
w 70% 21 .

Heo6xoflMMo, oflHaKo, oTMeTMTb, «jto Ha-
pa,qy c 3Tmm o6lumm npoueccoM <tflncTaH-
i4MpoBaHns)» ot H3panjia (KOTopoe npn ho-

BOM BCnblLUKe 6flW>HHeBOCTOMHOrO KOHCfMlMK-

Ta MOweT CMeHMTbCsi ycuneHweM conwflap-
hoctm) b Han6onee HaMnoHanncTM4ecKH
HacTpoeHHbix npyrax aMepnxaHCKoCi eBpefi-

19 Smoolia S. Israel: Pluralism and
Conflict. Berkley (Calif.), 1978, p. 345.

2U 1'ejijirnH H no-'HiTHKa b CIIIA b 70-g —
iiaiaJie SO-x ronon. Otb. peftaKTOpbi 10. A.
BaMornKiiii, J\. E. <J>ypMan. M., 19S4.

21 «Village Voices, 25.X.19S3, p. 8-9.

CKOM o6lHHHbl MOryT BOSHHKMyTb MCTep«-

wecKKie ynbrpacMOHMCTCKMe HacTpoeHMS.

KaK 3to hm napafloKca/ibHO, MMewwo aMe-
pMHaHCKan o6mMMa nocraBjmeT MapamiKi

3KCTpeMMCTOB. llpH TOM, UTO aMepMKaMCKMM

CMOHM3M BCerfla orpaHMMMeancn nowoinbto
H3pannio m HnKOffla He Ben k CKo/ibKO-Hn-
6yflb 3Ha4MTenbHOfi 3MnrpaunM, b 70 —
80-e roAbi bo3hhk CBoeo6pasHbiH He6onb-

ILIOM nOTOK yjlbTpaCMOHWCTCKOW 3MnrpaL4HM

M3 CLUA b M3paMnb, BonnomeHneM koto-
pofi ABJijieTCji He6e3bi3BecTHbifi Me up Ka-
xaHe. B noceneHnax Ha 3anaflHOM 6epery
cetiwac OKono 10% HaceneHMfl — sMurpaH-
Tbi M3 CLUA {xotsi 8 Mspamie b qenow rpo-
ueHT BbixoflqeB m3 CLUA coBepiueHHO
HMMToweH). BnpcjeM, n b caMMx CLUA
cefiqac BHOBb o>KHBaeT flesiTeJibHoCTb oueHb
He6onbUJOvi no •JMcneHHocTM, ho aecbMa

SKTMBHOM 3KCTpeMHCTCKOM IcflHTM SaU^MTbl

eapeeB».

TaKMM o6pa30M, npouecc pa3MbiBaHnn

BTHMHeCKOM 3aMKHyTOCTM MO>HeT eeCTH K
BCriblUlKaM 3KCTpeMM3Wfl CO CTOpOHbl CO-

npoTMBnntouierocs pa3MbiBaHMto MeHbUiMH-

CTBa. Ho eCJIM 3TO MeHbLUMHCTBO M MOMteT

npneneHb k ce6e awnMaHHe, see me ero
aKTMBHOcTb npeflCTaBnsieT co6oh Jiwoib 6e3-
HaflewHbe CTpeMneHwe ocTaHoeMTb flBwwe-
HMe ecjecTBeHHbix n HeoSpamMbix npo-
ueccOB.

Mbi nocTapanncb nOKoSaTb oco6ghhocth
MaccoBoro nonwTHMecKOro C03HaHMH bme-
pHKaHCKHX eBpeeB m o6iuyKi TeHfieHUnKi
pa3BMiHfl 3ioro co3MaHM«, Beayiny»o k no-
cTeneHHOMy ycuneHMO ponn o6iMeaMcpn-
KaHCKHX tf>eKTopoB m oc/ia6neHMK> po/in
(^aKTopoe, xapaKTepHbix nwieHHo fiiia flaw-
HOfl peJinrH03HO-3THMHecHOM rpynnbi. Ho
cneflyeT oroBopnTbca: 3TO oTHioflb He 03-
HawaeT, hto b o6o3pnMOM 6yflymeM pa3-
nnmi5i b co3HaHHM eepeee m- flpyrux awe-
puKaHqeB Boo6aie wc^e3HyT. npn Bcew He-
o6paTMMocTM npoLiecca ocna6neHMfl perin-
rno3Ho-3THM«JecKoro (pamopd oh nop.o6en
y6biBaiomevi nporpecCMM, npn ttOTopofi 4mc-
no CTpeMMTCH k Hynio, ho HMKOrfla ero He
floCTMraeT.

Ecnn b CLUA fiawe cei^ac HMetOTcn pa3-

X1M>JM!I — fiyCTb OMeHb TOHKMe — MeWfiy nOfl-
KOflOM K nOJIHTHKe 6anTMCTOB H KaTOnMKOB,

MeTOflMCTOB m enwcKOnanoB, to, o^eBMflHO,
coxpaHjiTcfl h oco6eHHocTM nonMTHvecKOro
cosHSHMR eBpeviCKoC o6mnHbi. Ho co Bpe-
MeHeM mx 6yflyT xapaHTepM30BaTb, no-BM-
flMMOMy, nnaib TpyfiHoynoBUMbie HtoaHCbi.

R- E. C53ypM3H, fl. h. h.